The history of rolling machines is very ancient. The first rolling machine was made in the late 17th century. The steel rolling machines are generally used in various sectors like Transmission Line Towers, Communication Tower, Wind Mill Tower, Ship Building, Railways, Industrial Infrastructural Projects and other Nation Building Infrastructure like Bridges, Electrification Projects etc. The steel rolling and forging is the part of metal working processes in which rolling machines are used for constructing long and continuous sections of metal. In this paper we are discussing steel rolling use for hot metal working process. In this paper the concentration is given to the calculation of rolling load and the forces acting on the gears of steel rolling machine. After that power and torque required is calculated for the rolling load and the gear forces simultaneously which is further useful for designing and analysis the gear used in gearbox of hot rolling machine.

The bending properties of composite materials are often characterized with simply supported beams under concentrated loads. The horizontal shear test with a short-beam specimen in three-point bending appears suitable as a general method of evaluation for the shear properties in fiber-reinforced composites because of its simplicity. In the experimental part of this work, the shear strength of glass fiber-epoxy, Graphite fiber-Epoxy & Carbon fiber –epoxy laminated composite material were investigated with different thickness under three-point-bending test (Short beam Test). In the present study, the composite laminate specimen’s are prepared using the vacuum baggage technique and the specimen are subjected to 3 point bending load on a simply supported pins and the investigation is carried out as per the ASTM standards D2344/D2344M. This paper examines the influence of thickness on ILSS properties of laminated composites. many structures used in Automobile, Aerospace, Naval and other Transportation vehicle structural parts are subjected to various kinds of loads. These structures are further subjected to bending loads causing Shear stress in the structures. The purpose of this work is to experimentally analyze the progressive failure process of laminated composites subjected to shear loads, Shear loading causes stresses in the composites, which vary through the thickness. Shear properties evaluated are Shear strength and stiffness of the composites system appropriate conclusions was drawn. Keywords: Laminate; Shear Strength; Short beam test; Three point bending; Stiffness.

This article analyzes the use of lower frequency radars, namely in the range of VHF and UHF, to help detect stealthy (low observable objects) aircraft. The radar equation is analyzed taken into account the frequency, in order to check its effect on the maximum distance of detection. Then, a 3D computer model of an F-22 aircraft is used to numerically evaluate its radar cross section (RCS) from 100 MHz (VHF) to 11 GHz (X-band), alongside with its published RCS value. These virtual evaluations were performed using a commercial field solver. The obtained results are then used to determine the maximum detection range for both frequencies, in order to determine the gain in the detection range that is achieved by choosing a longer wavelength.

In recent times, continuous casting steel products are widely used. As molten steel flows through submerged entry nozzle into casting mold is turbulent in nature. Turbulent flow as well as breaking of surface wave with entrainment of slag into the mold controls the quality of the final product. So decreasing of turbulence effect within the mold is essential. So the present numerical simulation using finite volume method with interface capturing scheme are used to predict the behaviour of interfacial fluctuation as well as the effect of turbulence within the mold by taking water model. Instead of steel and argon, water and air flow through submerged entry nozzle (SEN) in to the mold. The behaviour of water and air is similar with steel and argon by taking similarity criteria. The present two dimensional numerical investigation indicates that with increasing water velocity and decreasing mold width increase interfacial fluctuation, surface velocity, turbulence level and turbulent kinetic energy and hence controls the quality of the final product.

Abrasive flow machining also known as abrasive flow deburring or extrude honing, is an interior surface finishing process characterized by flowing an abrasive-laden fluid through a work piece. This fluid is typically very viscous, having the consistency of putty, or dough. In this paper, the main purpose of the process is to investigate the surface finishing of die steel with the use of abrasive flow machining. Grinding medium is pressed along the contours at a defined pressure and temperature. Depending on the respective machining task, different specifications of media are used. The surface finishing is better with use of abrasive flow machining process as compared to other flow machining processes.

In this study the Taguchi method is used to find the optimal cutting parameters for surface roughness in turning. The orthogonal array, S/N ratio, and ANOVA are used to study the performance characteristics in turning operations of AISI 1050 steel bars using uncoated tools. Three cutting parameters namely spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut are optimized with considerations of surface roughness. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach.

The heat transfer augmentation techniques are widely utilized in many applications in the heating process to enable reduction in weight and size or increase the performance of heat exchangers. These techniques are classified as active and passive techniques. The active technique required external power such as surface vibration and electric or acoustic fields, whereas the passive techniques required fluid additives, special surface geometries, or swirl/vortex flow devices, that is, twisted tape inserts. The passive techniques are advantageous compared with the active techniques because the swirl inserts manufacturing process is simple and can be easily employed in an existing heat exchanger. Moreover the passive techniques can play an important role in the heat transfer augmentation if a proper configuration of the insert is being selected depending on working conditions that have been reported in the literature. Due to advances in computer software, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling technique was developed as a powerful and effective tool for more understanding the hydrodynamics of heat transfer when using twist tape inserts. Computational heat transfer flow modeling is one of the great challenges in the classical sciences. As with most problems in engineering, the interest in the heat transfer augmentation is increasing due to its extreme importance in various industrial applications. CFD modeling for the heat transfer augmentation in a circular tube fitted with and without rod helical tape inserts in turbulent flow conditions has been explained in this paper using ANSYS Fluent version 14.0. Numerical simulation analyses will be carried out to study thermal– hydraulic characteristics of air flow inside a circular tube with different tube inserts. The flow rate of the tube is considered in a range of Reynolds number between 2300 and8800. The swirling flow devices consisting of: the full-length helical tape with or without centered-rod of a concentric tube heat exchanger. Finally results will be compared to available experimental and analytical calculations. The data obtained by simulation are matching with the literature value for a plain tube with the discrepancy of less than plus or minus 5% for Nussult number and for the friction factor. Enhanced heat transfer with decreasing twist ratio has been observed. Heat flux is more uniform all along the tube and decreases uniformly towards the center.

This paper gives the details about the layout of closed -loop hydraulic energy-regenerative system for hydrostatic transmission drive using hydraulic accumulator and its modelling. This paper discussed about the introduction of closed-circuit, hydrostatic transmission drive and hydraulic accumulator. The system was based on a closed-loop hydrostatic transmission and used a hydraulic accumulator as the energy storage system fabricated in a novel configuration to recover the kinetic energy without any reversion of the fluid flow. The proposed system was modeled based on its physical attributes. The accumulator is used in a novel way to recover the kinetic energy without reversion of fluid flow. Both variable displacement hydraulic pump /motors are used when the system operates in the flow coupling configuration so as to enable it to meet the difficult requirements of some industrial and mobile applications. This paper presents the introduction, mathematical modeling and review of the engineering and mechanics of all the components used in the developed hydraulic system. The experimental results indicated that the designed system was effective and that the round trip recovery efficiency varied from 22% to 59% for the test bench.

Solar water heater plays a vital role in energy conservation. Because of its efficiency is more than the electric conversion. It has become the well proven and established appliance for providing hot water requirements in thousands of families in India. Solar water heating is a very simple and efficient way to grab energy from the sun and use it. In spite of its low efficiency it occupies a respectful place among the energy users. Therefore any improvement in the construction and operation of solar water heating system would definitely result in saving conventional fuel and cost. The objective of this project is to create uniform velocity in solar water system by using variable header. The solar water heater is designed with a larger diameter of the header is 5.08 cm and smaller diameter of 2.54 cm with the length of 100 cm. The existing solar water heating systems the overall thermal performance reduces due to non-uniform flow in riser tubes. The overall thermal performance and efficiency is higher in variable header system due to uniform velocity. The experimental results are analyzed with CFD analysis software and the results are compared with the existing solar water heating system.

In the present study inlet temperature of shell and tube side are taken as input parameters with a given bundle arrangement of square pitch. The thermal analysis is done firstly taking water inside the tube and steam on shell side. The design of shell and tube exchanger using Kern method for water and steam combination is validated by well-known Dittus-Boelter equation of turbulent flow inside tube. The analysis is extended using the above Kern method with different fluid combinations such as sulphur-dioxide on the tube side steam on shell side and carbon-dioxide side on tube side and steam on shell side, Parameters such as heat transfer coefficient, friction coefficient, length, area and pressure drop are determined. “C” Program is written to evaluate the above parameters. Graphs are drawn to depict the behavior for different fluid combinations. The results are tabulated.

Heat transfer and friction correlations are developed for turbulent flow in solar air heater ducts having a repeated ribbed roughness on the absorber plate. Software program is developed using ‘C++’ programming language to determine the effect of various parameters on heat transfer and friction in solar air heater duct with ribbed absorber plate. This software can be used for iterative work to identify the optimum design parameters. Use of artificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs on the absorber plate has found to be a convenient method for the enhancement of heat absorption capacity of the solar collector. The different parameters of ribbed roughness are relative roughness pitch (p/e), relative roughness height (e/Dh), and angle of attack of flow (α) and the range of these parameters are decided on the basis of practical considerations of the system and operating conditions. Based on similarity considerations correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of these parameters have been developed

India is an agricultural country cultivating more number of ground nuts, corns, etc., in the village sides of the country. The available sowing machines are imported from foreign countries. The imported machines are not only bulk in size but also costing around rupees one lakh. In this project an attempt has been made for the design and fabrication of maintenance free multipurpose sowing machine exclusively for small farmers at cost not exceeding rupees 6000 per unit. The different components of above multipurpose sowing machine are modelled using one of the end parametric modeling software Pro-E wildfire2.0. The modelled components are fabricated and assembled together to form a complete machine.

An increase in the application spectrum of composite materials necessitates cost effective high quality rapid processing in order to meet stringent design as well as market requirements. Material selection has become one of the major problems in aviation. The objective of the current study is to compare the bending strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) with the conventional material of aviation industry (ie., aluminium). The deflection test was performed on standard bending test equipment by applying the concentrated loads on the cantilever specimens, which were made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer fabricated by hand layup technique and the Aluminium specimen was made and supplied with the test equipment. On performing the bending test it is observed that aluminium shows promising results where high modulus of elasticity is considered and the GFRP is found to be the cheap and best material where lower weight is considered and young’s modulus of material is of low importance.

Unsteady flow around bluff bodies such as circular cylinder is a core area of research for scientist for several years. In the present work a numerical simulation was carried out for flow past a circular cylinder to predict the flow noise. A two dimensional (2-D) unsteady flow past a circular cylinder has been investigated numerically for the Reynold number (Re) considered in the range 5.23x105 so that flow is turbulent. The main objective of this study is to capture the flow and acoustic fields for flow past a circular cylinder in a domain with the use of Computational Aero-Acoustic (CAA) models. Finite volume method has been used with unstructured grid arrangement. The incompressible SIMPLE algorithm is used for solving the pressure velocity coupling. The second order upwind scheme is used both for space and time discretisation. A high quality grid is used to keep the error minimum. The flow field and the acoustic field obtained using Ffowcs-Williams & Hawkings (FW-H) model is compared with Broadband noise source (BNS) model. Beside the sound pressure level (SPL), flow details such as mean velocity distribution, and velocity fluctuations are compared and the results are discussed.

The paper tries to induce a quadruped which can walk with medium speed on flat terrain which is based on biological concepts. The design of quadruped is inspired by four legged animal for example dog where two joints of the leg enable to perform two basic motions-lifting and stepping. Forward kinematic model and inverse kinematic models are proposed which provides stable walk on flat terrain. The position and orientation of the robot feet are systematically adjusted. Detailed guideline is provided for leg mechanism through the study of various joints, links and degrees of freedom.

Solar chimney technology is a very promising solar thermal electricity generating technology. Solar chimney power plants have three major parts. A large circular greenhouse, a tall cylinder in the center of the greenhouse named solar chimney and a set of air turbines, around or in the solar chimney, geared to appropriate electric generators. In this project CFD technology is used to investigate the changes in flow kinetic energy caused by the variation of tower flow area with height. It was found that the tower area change affects the efficiency and mass flow rate through the plant. The divergent tower top leads to augmentations in kinetic energy at the tower base significantly. The tower area ratio of 9 (Tower outlet radius 12m) can produce higher kinetic energy than constant area tower. For the convergent tower, the velocity at the tower top increases but the mass flow rate decreases in a manner such that the kinetic power at the top remains the same as the constant area case. For the divergent case, maximum kinetic energy occurs at the tower base and this suggests the potential to extract more turbine power than the constant area tower. The results shows that the chimney height and Tower outlet radius and base area are very important parameters for improving the gained power, and it is also important to choose the region with suitable mean ambient temperature. And economically there are limitations to collector and chimney sizes to get suitable profit output power and any increment in system size becomes a small percentage increment in profit output power. The results are compared with some experimental data from the results of other researchers and there is a good agreement between simulated and calculated results